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Simulator Training
Cardiovascular
The cardiovascular features of the HPS include palpable radial
and carotid artery pulsations, heart sounds (normal and abnormal),
5-lead electrocardiogram, noninvasive blood pressure measurements,
invasive arterial blood pressure, invasive central venous pressure,
invasive pulmonary artery pressure, pulmonary artery occlusion (wedge)
pressure, and thermodilution cardiac output. All measurements are
made using standard monitoring instruments.
Pharmacology
The HPS system is supplied with the profiles of over 50 drugs. An
innovative method has been developed for modeling pharmacokinetics
and pharmacodynamics which enables users to modify each drug's onset
and duration (kinetic parameters) and clinical effects (dynamic
parameters). Thus, users can modify the overall or patient specific
responses (i.e. patient pathophysiologic response).
Lung Model
The superior lung model of the HPS physically reproduces the airway
pressure-flow characteristics of the natural lung in normal and
pathophysiological conditions. Both the mechanical and gas exchange
characteristics of human lungs are simulated by a hybrid (mechanical
and mathematical) lung model. Gas exchange of oxygen, carbon dioxide,
nitrogen, nitrous oxide, and anesthetic agent is physically achieved
using a unique gas substitution technique.
Spontaneous breathing or controlled ventilation affects intrathoracic
pressure. The mathematical software model which controls the mechanical
lung transmits the appropriate intrathoracic pressure to the cardiovascular
model, where it modulates transmural pressures in the intrathoracic
veins, and thereby changes cardiac pre-load. Both bronchial resistance
and lung compliance of the simulated patient can be controlled by
the user.
Difficult Airway Module
The upper airway anatomy (oropharynx, nasopharynx, and larynx) of
the Human Patient Simulator is modeled after an adult patient. Direct
laryngoscopy, oral, and nasal tracheal intubation can be performed.
An airway visualization occluder obstructs the clinician's view
of the larynx but allows mask ventilation of the simulated patient's
lungs. The laryngospasm actuator closes the patient’s vocal
cords and prevents gas exchange with the patient's lungs. A tape
sealed window represents the cricothyroid membrane and replaceable
neck skin enables repeated practice of many emergency airway techniques
including needle cricothyrotomy, transtracheal jet ventilation,
retrograde intubation techniques, and tube cricothyrotomy.
Drug and Volumn Entry System
The simulator automatically recognizes the IV drugs and volume of
bolus fluids administration using a high speed bar code system and
digital scale. The injection information is processed by the physiological
models and appropriate responses are exhibited by the simulated
patient.
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